# grapheme_substr

(PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PHP 7, PECL intl >= 1.0.0)

grapheme_substr — Return part of a string

### Description

Procedural style

grapheme_substr ( string `$string` , int `$start` [, int `$length` ] ) : string

Return part of a string

### Parameters

`string`

  The input string. Must be valid UTF-8.

`start`

  Start position in default grapheme units. If $start is non-negative, the returned string will start at the $start'th position in $string, counting from zero. If $start is negative, the returned string will start at the $start'th grapheme unit from the end of string.

`length`

  Length in grapheme units. If $length is given and is positive, the string returned will contain at most $length grapheme units beginning from $start (depending on the length of string). If $length is given and is negative, then that many grapheme units will be omitted from the end of string (after the start position has been calculated when a start is negative). If $start denotes a position beyond this truncation, `FALSE` will be returned.

### Return Values

Returns the extracted part of $string.

### Examples

Example #1 grapheme_substr() example

`<?php
$char_a_ring_nfd = "a\xCC\x8A"; // 'LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE' (U+00E5) normalization form "D"
$char_o_diaeresis_nfd = "o\xCC\x88"; // 'LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS' (U+00F6) normalization form "D"
print urlencode(grapheme_substr( "ao" . $char_a_ring_nfd . "bc" . $char_o_diaeresis_nfd . "O", 2, -1 ));
?>`

The above example will output:

    a%CC%8Abco%CC%88

### See Also

- grapheme_extract() - Function to extract a sequence of default grapheme clusters from a text buffer, which must be encoded in UTF-8
- » Unicode Text Segmentation: Grapheme Cluster Boundaries